Northvegr.org

The Northern Way

Old Norse Bibliography

The proposition that there was ever a unified religion or mythology accepted and known throughout the ancient Germanic world (or even the Nordic world as a whole) has long been unsustainable. Indeed, as the Grimm brothers Deutsche Sagen confirms, religious ideas and beliefs in these geographical areas have always varied by time, place, fashion, cultural and social environment, and the general demands of society.

Terry Gunell ~ How Elviish Were The Alfar ~ page 113

A similar point has been made independently in two recent articles: see Shippey, ‘A Chair, A Sock. and Language, and ‘Alias over Habeo’: The Elves as a Category Problem, in The Shadow-Walkers, pp 157-88 (pp 184, 187, 382, 388)

“The mythology of a people is far more than a collection of pretty or terrifying fables to be retold in carefully bowdlerized form to our schoolchildren. It is the comment of the men of one particular age or civilization on the mysteries of human existence and the human mind, their model for social behaviour, and their attempt to define in stories of gods and demons their perception of the inner realities. We can learn much from the mythologies of earlier peoples if we have the humility to respect ways of thought widely differing from our own. In certain respects we may be far cleverer than they, but not necessarily wiser. We cannot return to the mythological thinking of an earlier age; it is beyond our reach, like the vanished world of childhood. Even if we feel a nostalgic longing for the past, like that of Jon Keats for Ancient Greece of William Morris for medieval England, there is now no way of entry. The Nazis tries to revive the myths of ancient Germany in their ideology, but such an attempt could only lead to sterility and moral suicide. We cannot deny the demands of our own age, but this need not prevent us turning to the faith of another age with sympathetic understanding, and recapturing imaginatively some of its vanished power. It will even help us view more clearly the assumptions and beliefs of our own time”

― H. R. Ellis Davidson

Prof Neil Price assisted me when I queried his views on the Birka grave shieldmaiden bones about two years ago. I can relate well to Prof Price arguments on ancestor veneration and how he feels that Viking Age people would more likely relate to the invisible people surrounding the land they lived on than the gods themselves.

Scandinavian religion

Andrén, Anders, Jennbert, Kristina and Raudvere, Catharina, eds., Ordning mot kaos: Studier av nordisk förkristen kosmologi, (Vägar til Midgård 4) (Lund, 2004): Including: Catharina Raudvera, “Delen eller helheten: kosmologi som empiriskt och analystiskt begrepp”; Jens Peter Schjødt, “Kosmologimodeller og mytekredse”; Morten Warmind, “... á þeim meiði, er mangi veit, hvers hann af rótum renn: Kosmologi og ritualer i det førkristne Norden”; Kristina Jennbert, “Människor och djur: Kropsmetaforik och kosmologiska perspektiv”; Lotte Hedeager, “Dyr og andre mennsesker – mennesker og andre dyr: Dyreornamentikkens transcendentale realitet”, Stefan Brink, “Mytologiska run och eskatologiska föreställningar i det vikingatida Norden”, Per Vikstrand, “Berget, lunden och åkern: Om sakrala og kosmologiska landskap ur ortnamnens perspektiv”; Anders Andrén, “I skuggan av Yggdrasil: Trädet mellan idé og realitet i nordisk tradition”;

Blöndal, Sigfús, Væringjasaga (Reykjavík, 1954)

Briem, Ólafur, Heiðinn siður á Íslandi, 2nd ed., rev. (Reykjavík, 1985)

Celander, Hilding, Förkristen jul enligt norröna källor, Göteborgs Universitets årsskrift, 61.3 (1955)

Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, Le livre des cérémonies, ed. and trans. Albert Vogt, 2 vols (Paris, 1935-1940)

Cronholm, Abraham, Wäringarna (Lund, 1832)

Davidson, H. R. Ellis, Gods and myths of Northern Europe (Harmondsworth, 1964)

Davidson, H. R. Ellis, "Hostile magic in the Icelandic sagas", in The witch figure: Folklore essays by a group of scholars in England honouring the 75th birthday of Katherine M.Briggs, ed. Venetia Newall (London, 1973), pp.20-41

Davidson, Hilda Ellis, The lost beliefs of Northern Europe (London, 1993)

Davidson, Hilda Ellis, Myths and symbols in pagan Europe (Syracuse, 1988)

Davidson, Hilda Ellis, Pagan Scandinavia (London, 1967)

Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis, Roles of the northern goddess (London, 1998)

Davidson, Hilda Ellis, The Viking road to Byzantium (London, 1976)

Glosecki, Stephen O., Shamanism and Old English poetry (New York, 1989)

Billington, Sandra, and Green, Miranda, The Concept of the Goddess (London, 1996), including Stephan Grundy, “Freyja and Frigg”, Britt Mari Näsström,

“Freyja: A Goddess with Many Names”, Hilda Ellis Davidson, “Milk and the Northern Goddess”, Juliette Wood, “The Concept of the Goddess”

 Grimm, Jakob, Teutonic Mythology, I, trans. James Steven Stallybrass. (London, 1882)

 Jennbert, Kristina, Andrén, Anders, and Raudvere, Catharina, eds., Plats og Praxis: Studier

av nordisk förkristen ritual (Lund, 2002): Catharina Raudvere: “Mellan liv og text: Ordets makt som litterärt motiv och rituell praktik i norrön litteratur”; Britt Mari Näsström, “I livets skeden: Om passageriter i fornskandinavisk religion”; Gro Steinsland, “Herkermaktens ritualer: Kan mytologien sette oss på spor av riter, gjenstander og kult knyttet til herskerens intronisasjon?”; Kristine Jennbert, “Djuren i nordisk förkristen ritual og myt”; Elisabeth Rudebeck, “Vägen som rituell arena”; Lars Jörgensen, “Kongsgårg- kultsted- marked: Omvejelser omkring Tissøkompleksets struktur og funktion”; Terje Gansum, “Fra jord til handling”; Anders Andrén, “Platsernas betydelse: norrön ritual och kultplatskontinuet”

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, "Blót and þing: the function of the tenth century goði", Themos, 21 (1985), 23-38

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, Blót í norrænum sið (Reykjavík, 1997)

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, "Gátur", in Íslensk þjóðmenning, VI: Munnmenntir og bók menning, ed. Frosti F. Jóhannesson (Reykjavík, 1989), pp.424-436

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, Kristntakan á Íslandi (Reykjavík, 1999)

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, "Norræn trú", in Íslensk þjóðmenning, V: Trúarhættir, ed. Frosti F. Jóhannsson (Reykjavík, 1988), pp.1-73

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, A piece of horse liver, trans. Joan Turville-Petre and Terry Gunnell (Reykjavík, 1998)

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, Under the Cloak, trans. Barry J. Duesbury, Jón Hannesson et al. (Reykjavík, 1999)

Jónas Kristjánsson, ed., Ögmundar þáttr dýtts, in ÍF IX (Reykjavík, 1956), pp.LV-LXIV and pp.109-115

KLNM: See under Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder

Krappe, Alexander Haggerty, "Le legende de Gunnar Half", Acta philologica Scandinavica, 3 (1928-1929), 226-233

Kraus, Carl, "Das gotische Weihnachtsspiel", Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 20 (1895), 224-257

Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, ed. Magnús Már Lárusson, Jakob Benediktsson et al., 22 vols (Reykjavík, 1956-1978)

Lid, Nils, "Gudar og gudedyrking", in Nordisk kultur, XXVI: Religionshistorie, ed. Nils Lid (København, 1942), pp.80-153

Ledegaard, Mads, Danske høje fra sagn og tro (København, 1998)

Lindqvist, Sune, "Hednatemplet i Uppsala", in Fornvännen, 18 (1923), 85-118

Magnusson, Magnus, Hammer of the North (London, 1976)

Motz, Lotte, The king, the champion and the sorcerer, Studia Medievala Septentrionalia (Vienna, 1999)

Müllenhoff, Karl, Deutsche Altertumskunde, 5 vols (Berlin, 1870-1900)

Müller, Sophus, "Billed- og fremstillingskunst i Bronzealderen", Aarbøger (1920), 125-161

Neckel, Gustav, ed., and Kuhn, Hans, rev., Edda: die lieder des codex regius nebst verwandten denkmälern, I: Text, 4th ed. (Heidelberg, 1962)

Näsström, Britt Mari, Blot: Tro och offer i det förskristna norden (Stockholm, 2001)

Olrik, Axel, Kilderne til Sakses oldhistorie, 2 vols (København, 1892-1894)

Olrik, Axel and Ellekilde, Nils, Nordens gudeverden, 2 vols (København, 1926-1951)

Olsen, Magnus, "Fra gammelnorsk myte og kultus", MM (1909), 17-36

Olsen, Magnus, Hedenske kultminder i norske stedesnavne, Videnskaps selskapets skrifter, II. Hist.-filos. klasse, 1914, no.4 (Kristiania, 1915)

Olsen, Magnus, "Tjösnur og tjösnublót", ANF, 26 (1910), 342-346

Olsen, Magnus, "Varðlokur", MM (1916), 1-21

Olsen, Magnus, Ættegård og helligdom: norske stedsnavn sosialt og religionshistorisk  belyst (Oslo, 1926)

Olsen, Olaf, Hørg, hov og kirke, Aarbøger (1965, published in 1966)

Oxenstierna, Eric, Järnålder, guldålder (Stockholm, 1957)

Raudvere, Catharina, Kunskap och innsikt i norrön tradition (Vägar til Midgård 3) (Lund, 2003)

Robberstad, Knut, ed. and trans. into Norwegian, Gulatingslovi, 4th ed. (Oslo, 1981)

Rygh, O., Norske gaardnavne, 18 vols (Kristiania, 1897-1924)

Sahlgren, Jöran, "Hednisk gudalära och nordiska ortnamn", Namn och bygd, 38 (1950), 1-37

Schutz, Herbert, The prehistory of Germanic Europe (New Haven, 1983)

Schück, Henrik, Studier i nordisk litteratur- och religions historia, 2 vols (Stockholm, 1904)

Schück, Henrik, Studier i Ynglingatal, I-IV, Upsala Universitets årsskrift (1905-1907, 1910)

Schück, Henrik, and Warburg, Karl, Illustrerad svensk litteraturhistoria, 2nd ed., rev., 5 vols in 6 (Stockholm, 1911-1932); 3rd ed., re-revised, 8 vols (Stockholm, 1926-1949)

Sijmons, Barend, ed., Die Lieder der Edda, 2 vols (Halle A.S., 1866-     1906)

Simpson, Jacqueline, "Some Scandinavian sacrifices", Folklore, 78 (1967), 190-202

Sjöberg, N., "En germansk julfest i Konstantinopel på 900-talet", Fataburen (1907), 31-35

Solheim, Svale, Horse-fight and horse-race in Norse tradition (Oslo, 1956)

Steinsland, Gro, Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi: en analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljóð (Oslo,1991)

Steinsland, Gro; Drobin, Ulf; Pentikäinen Juha; and Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben, eds., Nordisk hedendom. Et symposium, (Odense 1991)

Ström, Folke, "Dísir, nornor, valkyrjor: fruktbarhetskult och sacralt kungdöme i Norden":Kungl. Vitterhets histories och antivkvitets akademiens handlingar filologisk-filosofiska serien 1 (Stockholm, 1954)

Ström, Folke, "Den döendes makt och Odin i trädet", Göteborgs Högskolas årskrift  54.2 (1947)

Ström, Folke, Nordisk hedendom, 3rd ed., rev. (Göteborg, 1985)

Strömbäck, Dag, "Att helga land. Studier i Landnáma och det äldste rituella besittningstagandet", in Strömbäck, Folklore och filologi (Uppsala, 1970), pp.135-165; originally published in Festskrift tillägnad Axel Hägerström (1928), pp.198-220

Strömbäck, Dag, "Lytir - En fornsvensk gud?", in Festskrift til Finnur Jónsson, ed. Johs. Brøndum-Nielsen, Elof Hellquist, O. F. Hultman, Sigurður Nordal andMagnus Olsen (København, 1928), pp.283-293

Strömbäck, Dag, Sejd, Nordiska texter och undersökningar, 5 (Stockholm, 1935)

Svava Jakobsdóttir, "Gunnlöð og hinn dýri mjöður", Skírnir, 162 (1988), 215-245

Turville-Petre, E. O. G., "Fertility of beast and soil in Old Norse literature", in  Old Norse literature and mythology: a symposium, ed. Edgar C.Polomé (Austin,1969), pp.244-264

Turville-Petre, E. O. G., Myth and religion of the North (London, 1964) Vestlund, Alfred, "Åskgudens hammare förlorad: ett bidrag till nordisk ritforskning", Edda, 11 (1919), 95-119

Vogt, Albert, Commentaire on Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, Le livre des cérémonies, 2 vols (Paris, 1935-1940) de Vries, Jan, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 2nd ed., rev., 2 vols, in Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, ed. Hermann Paul, 12/I-II (Berlin, 1956-1957) de Vries, Jan, Altnordische Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols, in Grundriss der germanischen 

Philologie, ed. Hermann Paul, 15-16 (Berlin, 1941-42); 2nd ed., rev. (Berlin,1964-1967) de Vries, Jan, Contributions to the study of Othin especially in his relation to  agricultural practices in modern popular lore, FF communications Nr.94 (Helsinki, 1931)

Wessén, Elias, "Hästskede och lekslätte", Namn og bygd (1921), 103-131

Wilson, David, Anglo-Saxon paganism (London, 1992)

Scandinavian mythology: General and particular Bertell, Mats, Tor och den nordiska åskan: Förställningar kring världsaxeln (Stockholm, 2003)

Bugge, Sophus, "Iduns æbler", ANF, 5 (1889), 1-45

Bugge, Sophus, "Mindre bidrag til nordisk mythologi og sagnhistorie", Aarbøger (1895), 123-138

Chesnutt, Michael, "The beguiling of Þórr", in Úr Dölum til Dala, ed. Rory McTurk and

Andrew Wawn, Leeds texts and monographs, new series 11 (Leeds, 1989), pp.35-63

Davidson, H. R. Ellis, Gods and myths of Northern Europe (Harmondsworth, 1964)

Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis, Scandinavian mythology (London, 1969)

Dumézil, Georges, Gods of the ancient northmen (Berkeley, 1987)

Dumézil, Georges, From myth to fiction: the saga of Hadingus (Chicago, 1973)

Dumézil, Georges, The stakes of the warrior, trans. David Weeks, ed. Jaan Puhvel (Berkeley, 1983)

Finnur Magnússon (as Finn Magnusen), Veterum borealium mythologiæ lexicon

(Havniæ, 1828); published also in Edda Saemundar hins froða, ed. Finnur Magnússon and others, 3 vols (Havniæ, 1787-1828), III, pp.272-1142

Grundtvig, Nikolai Fred. Sev., Nordens mythologi, eller sindbilled-sprog, 3rd ed. (Kiøbenhavn, 1870)

Grönbech, Vilhelm, The culture of the Teutons, 3 vols in 2, trans. W. Worster (London, 1932)

Haraldur Bessason and Baldur Hafstað, eds. Heiðin minni: greinar um fornar bókmenntir (Reykjavík, 1999): Including: Kurt Schier, “Loki og Heimdallur: Athugusemdir umeðli og uppruna tveggja torræða goða”; Haraldur Bessason, “Um rúm og tíma í Völuspá”, Hermann Pálsson, “Vargur á tölti: drög að norrænni tröllafræði”; Gísli Sigurðsson, “Ein sat hún úti: Leitar Óðinn þekkingar hjá völvunni eða opnast henni sýn fyrir tilstilli Óðins?”; Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, “Blótminni í Landnámabók”

Holtsmark, Anne, "Myten om Idun og Tjatse i Tjoldovs Haustlong", ANF, 64 (1949), 1-73

Höfler, Otto, Verwandlungskulte, Volksagen und Mythen, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historiche Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, 279. Band, 2.  Abhandlung (Wien, 1973)

Haraldur Bessason and Baldur Hafstað, eds. Heiðin minni: greinar um fornar bókmenntir (Reykjavík, 1999)

Harris, Joseph, "Ögmundar þáttr dytts ok Gunnars helmings. Unity and literary relations", ANF, 90 (1975), 156-182

Harris Joseph, and Hill, Thomas D., "Gestr's `prime sign': source and signification in Norna- Gests þáttr", ANF, 104 (1989), 103-122

Holtsmark, Anne, "Myten om Idun og Tjatse i Tjoldovs Haustlong", ANF, 64 (1949), 1-73

Jónas Kristjánsson, ed., Ögmundar þáttr dýtts, in ÍF IX (Reykjavík, 1956), pp.LV-LXIV and pp.109-115

KLNM: See under Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder

Krappe, Alexander Haggerty, "Le legende de Gunnar Half", Acta philologica Scandinavica,  3 (1928-1929), 226-233

Kress, Helga, Máttugar meyjar; Íslensk fornbókmenntasaga (Reykjavík 1993)

Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, ed. Magnús Már Lárusson, Jakob Benediktsson et al., 22 vols (Reykjavík, 1956-1978)

Lindow, John, Handbook of Nordic Mythology (Santa Barbara, 2001)

Lindow, John, Murder and Vengeance among the gods; Baldr in Scandinavian mythology, FF Communications, 262 (Helsinki, 1997)

Lindow, John, Scandinavian mythology: an annotated bibliography (New York, 1988)

Lindow, John, "Addressing Thor", Scandinavian Studies (1988), 119-136

Lindow, John, "Thor's Duel with Hrungnir", Alvíssmál, 6 (1996), 3-20

Lindow, John, "Thor's hamarr", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 93.4 (1994), 485-503

Magnusson, Magnus, Hammer of the North (London, 1976)

Martin, John Stanley, Ragnarök: an investigation into Old Norse concepts of the fate of

the gods, Melbourne monographs in Germanic studies, 3 (Assen, 1972)

McKinnell, John, Both One and Many: Essays on Change and Variety in Late Norse Heathenism (Rome, 1994)

Näsström, Britt-Mari, Freyja, the great goddess of the north (Lund, 1995)

Nordberg, Anders, Krigarna i Odins sal: Dödsföreställningar och krigarkult i fornnordisk religion (Stockholm, 2003)

Orchard, Andy, Cassell’s Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend (London, 1998)

Perkins, Richard, Thor the Wind Raiser and the Eyrarland Image (London, 2001)

Ross, Margaret Clunies, Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse myths in medieval Northern society: I: The myths (Odense, 1994)

Ross, Margaret Clunies, Skáldskaparmál. Snorri Sturluson's ars poetica and medieval theories of language, The viking collection, 4 (Odense, 1987)

Schjödt, Jens Peter, "Horizontale und vertikale Aschen in der vorchristlichen skandinavischen

Kosmologie", Old Norse and Finnish Religions and Cultic Placenames, ed. Tore Albäck (Åbo, 1990), ****

Schjødt, Jens Peter, Den Förkristne Norden: Religion og mytologi (Köbenhavn, 1999)

Schjødt, Jens Peter: Initiation, Liminalitet og tilegnelse af numinøs viden: En undersøgelse af struktur og symbolik i førkristen nordisk religion (Århus, 2003)

Schjødt, Jens Peter, "Relationen mellem aser og vaner og dens ideologiske implikationer",

Nordisk hedendom: Et symposium, ed. Gro Steinsland, Ulf drobin, Juha Pentikäinen and Preben Meulengracht Sørensen (Odense, 1991), 303-319

Simek, Rudolf, Hugtök og heiti í norrænni goðafræði, trans. Ingunn Ásdísardóttir, ed. Heimir Pálsson (Reykjavík, 1993)

Simek, Rudolf, A Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall (Cambridge, 1996)

Rudolf Simek and Wilhelm Heizmann, Mythological women: Studies in memory of Lotte

Motz (1922-1997) (Wien, 2002), including: Margrethe Watt, “Images of Women on “Guldgubber” from the Merovingian Age”; Rudolf Simek, “Goddesses, Mothers, Dísir: Iconography and Interpretation of the Female Deity in Scandinavia in the First Millenium”; Else Mundal, “Giantesses and Female Powers in Völuspá”; Anatoly Libermann, “What Happened to the Female Dwarfs?”; John McKinnell, “Þorgerður Hölgabrúður and Hyndluljóð”; Lise Præstgaard Anderson, “On Valkyries, Shield Maidens and Other Armed Woman in Old Norse Sources and Saxo Grammaticus”

Ström, Folke, "Den döendes makt och Odin i trädet", Göteborgs Högskolas årskrift 54.2 (1947)

Ström, Folke, Nordisk hedendom, 3rd ed., rev. (Göteborg, 1985), unless otherwise stated

Svava Jakobsdóttir, "Gunnlöð og hinn dýri mjöður", Skírnir, 162 (1988), 215- 245

Turville-Petre, E. O. G., "Fertility of beast and soil in Old Norse literature", in Old Norse literature and mythology: a symposium, ed. Edgar C.Polomé (Austin,1969), pp.244-264

Turville-Petre, E. O. G., Myth and religion of the North (London, 1964)

Vestlund, Alfred, "Åskgudens hammare förlorad: ett bidrag till nordisk ritforskning", Edda, 11 (1919), 95-119

The Poetic Edda and Other poetry

Blindheim, Martin, ed., Sigurds saga i middelalderens billedkunst (Oslo, 1972)

Bibire, Paul, "Freyr and Gerðr: the story and its myths", in Sagnaskemmtun: studies in honour of Hermann Pálsson, ed. Rudolf Simek, Jónas Kristjánsson and Hans Bekker-Nielsen (Wien, 1986), pp.19-40

Clover, Carol, "Hárbarðsljóð as generic farce", SS, 51 (1979), 124-145

The Codex Regius of the Elder Edda, MS no.2365 4to in the old Royal collection of the Royal Library of Copenhagen, introduced by Andreas Heusler, Corpus codicum Islandicorum medii aevi, X (Copenhagen, 1937)

Davidson, H. R. Ellis "Insults and riddles in the Edda poems", in Edda: a collection of essays, ed. Robert J. Glendinning and Haraldur Bessason (Manitoba, 1983),pp.25-46

Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning, ed. Finnur Jónsson, 4 vols (A.I-II, B.I-II) (Køben haven, 1912-1915)

Dronke, Ursula, "Art and tradition in Skírnismál", in English and medieval studies presented to J. R. R. Tolkien on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Norman Davis and C. L. Wrenn (London, 1962), pp.250-268

Edda: die lieder des codex regius nebst verwandten denkmälern, I: text, ed. Gustav  Neckel, 4th ed., rev. Hans Kuhn (Heidelberg, 1962)

Eddadigte, ed. Jón Helgason, 3 vols, in Nordisk filologi, serie A: tekster: I: Völuspá. 

Hávamál, 2nd ed. (København, 1964), II: Gudedigte, 2nd ed. (København, 1971),       III: Heltedigte, første del (København, 1961)  

Eddica minora, ed. Andreas Heusler and Wilhelm Ranisch (Dortmund, 1903)

Einar Ólafur Sveinsson, Íslenzkar bókmenntir í fornöld, 1 vol. printed (Reykjavík, 1962)

Ejder, Bertil, "Eddadikten Vafþrúðnismál", Vetenskaps Societeten i Lund. Årsbok(1960), 5-20

Fleck, Jere, "The `knowledge criterion' in the Grímnismál: the case against `shamanism'", ANF, 86 (1971), 49-65

Fritzner, Johan, Ordbog over det gamle norske sprog, 2nd ed., 3 vols (Kristiania,1886-1896)

Gunnell, Terry (2003: forthcoming). “The Coming of the Dísir: The Winter Nights, the  Dísablót and Hallowe’en in Scandinavian Belief”. Cosmos.

Gunnell, Terry, The origins of drama in Scandinavia (Woodbridge, 1995)

Gurevich, A. Ya., "On the nature of the comic in the Elder Edda", Mediaeval Scandinavia (1976), 127-180

Guðbrandur Vigfússon, and Powell, F. York, ed. and trans., Corpvs Poeticvm Boreale: the poetry of the Old Northern tongue from the earliest times to the thirteenth century, 2 vols (Oxford, 1883)

Haugen, Einar, "The Edda as ritual: Odin and his masks", in Edda: a collection of essays, ed. Robert J. Glendinning and Haraldur Bessason (Manitoba, 1983), pp.3-24

Hollander, Lee M., trans. and ed., The Poetic Edda, 2nd ed., rev. (Austin, 1962)

Höfler, Otto, "Das Opfer im Semnonenhain und die Edda", in Edda, Skalden, Saga: Festschrift zum 70. geburtstag von FelixGenzmer, ed.Hermann Schneider (Heidelberg, 1952), 1-67

Jón Helgason, ed., Eddadigte, 3 vols, in Nordisk filologi, serie A: tekster: I:Völuspá. Hávamál, 2nd ed. (København, 1964), II: Gudedigte, 3rd ed.        (Oslo, 1971), III: Heltedigte, første del (København, 1961)

Jónas Kristjánsson, Edda and saga (Reykjavík, 1988)

Kragerud, Alv, "De mytologiske spørsmål i Fåvnesmål", ANF